How to End Racial Segregation in the American Church

The most effective method to End Racial Segregation in the American Church One of Martin Luther Kings most well known expressions concerns racial isolation and the American church. It is shocking that the most isolated hour of Christian America is 11 oclock on Sunday morning†¦, King commented in 1963. Unfortunately, over 50 years after the fact, the congregation remains overwhelmingly racially isolated. Just between 5% to 7.5% of places of worship in the U.S. are viewed as racially assorted, an assignment implying that at any rate 20% of a churchs individuals dont have a place with the overwhelming racial gathering there: 90% of African-American Christians love taking all things together dark places of worship. 90% of white American Christians venerate taking all things together white places of worship, noted Chris Rice, coauthor of More Than Equals: Racial Healing for the Gospel. †¦Years since the mind blowing triumphs of the social liberties development, we keep on living in the direction of racial fracture. The most serious issue is that we dont consider that to be an issue. The racial compromise development of the 1990s, which tried to recuperate racial partitions in the congregation, roused strict organizations in America to focus on decent variety. The notoriety of purported megachurches, places of love with participation in the thousands, have likewise added to expanding U.S. houses of worship. As indicated by Michael Emerson, a master on race and confidence at Rice University, the extent of American chapels with 20% or greater minority cooperation has mulled at about 7.5% for almost 10 years, Time magazine reports. Megachurches, then again, have quadrupled its minority membershipfrom 6% in 1998 to 25% in 2007. All in all, how were these holy places ready to turn out to be increasingly assorted, despite the churchs long history of racial partitions? Church pioneers and individuals, the same, can assist with guaranteeing that individuals from all foundations go to their place of love. Everything from where a congregation serves to what sort of music it highlights during love can impact its racial cosmetics. Music Can Draw in a Diverse Group of Followers What sort of love music is included consistently at your congregation? Conventional songs? Gospel? Christian stone? In the event that decent variety is your objective, consider conversing with your congregation heads about stirring up the sort of music played during venerate. Individuals of various racial gatherings will probably feel progressively good going to an interracial church if the love music theyre acquainted with is included every so often. To satisfy the necessities of his socially various participation of blacks, whites, and Latinos, the Rev. Rodney Woo of Wilcrest Baptist Church in Houston offers both gospel and customary music during love, he disclosed to CNN. Serving in Diverse Locations Can Attract Diverse Worshippers All temples take part in administration exercises or something to that affect. Where does your congregation volunteer and which gatherings does it serve? Regularly, the individuals served by a congregation share diverse ethnic or financial foundations from the congregation individuals themselves. Consider broadening your congregation by welcoming the beneficiaries of chapel effort to a love administration. Attempt to dispatch administration extends in an assortment of networks, including those where various dialects are spoken. A few houses of worship have propelled venerate benefits in the areas where they do outreach, making it simpler for those they serve to take part in chapel. Also, staff members at certain places of worship have even decided to live in hindered networks, so they can connect with the penniless and remember them for chapel exercises reliably. Dispatch a Foreign Language Ministry One approach to battle racial isolation in chapel is to dispatch unknown dialect services. In the event that congregation staff members or dynamic individuals talk at least one unknown dialects smoothly, consider utilizing their aptitudes to dispatch an unknown dialect or bilingual love administration. A significant explanation Christians from worker foundations go to racially homogenous houses of worship is that they arent familiar enough in English to comprehend the lessons conveyed at a congregation not explicitly intended for individuals from their ethnic gathering. Appropriately, numerous houses of worship trying to become interracial are propelling services in various dialects to contact outsiders. Expand Your Staff On the off chance that somebody whod never visited your congregation were to look at its Web webpage or perused a congregation pamphlet, who might they see? Are the top leader and partner ministers all from the equivalent racial foundation? Shouldn't something be said about the Sunday teacher or the leader of the womens service? In the event that the congregation administration isnt assorted, for what reason would you anticipate that admirers from various foundations should go to administrations there? Nobody needs to feel like an untouchable, in particular in a spot as personal as chapel can be. Besides, when racial minorities go to chapel and see a kindred minority among its pioneers, it recommends that the congregation has made a genuine interest in social decent variety. Comprehend the History of Segregation in the Church Houses of worship today arent isolated essentially in light of the fact that racial gatherings like to adore with their own sort, but since of Jim Crowsâ legacy. At the point when racial isolation was government authorized in the mid twentieth century, white Christians and Christians of shading stuck to this same pattern by revering independently also. Truth be told, the explanation the African Methodist Episcopal group came about was that dark Christians were avoided from adoring in white strict establishments. At the point when the U.S. Preeminent Court chose in Brown v. Leading body of Educationâ that schools must integrate, in any case, places of worship started to reconsider isolated love. As per a June 20, 1955, article in Time, the Presbyterian Church was separated over the isolation issue, while Methodists and Catholics now and again or every now and again invited joining in chapel. Southern Baptists, then again, accepted an expert isolation position. With respect to Episcopalians, Time reported in 1955, The Protestant Episcopal Church has a moderately liberal demeanor toward incorporation. The North Georgia Convention as of late announced that isolation based on race alone is conflicting with the standards of the Christian religion. In Atlanta, while administrations are isolated, white and Negro kids are affirmed together, and whites and Negroes are conceded equivalent votes in diocesan gatherings. When attempting to make a multiracial church, its essential to recognize the past, as certain Christians of shading may not be energetic about joining holy places that once rejected them from enrollment. Wrapping Up Broadening a congregation isnt simple. As strict establishments participate in racial compromise, racial strains definitely surface. Some racial gatherings may feel that theyre not being spoken to enough by a congregation, while other racial gatherings may feel that they are being assaulted for having an excessive amount of intensity. Chris Rice and Spencer Perkins address these issues in More Than Equals, as does Christian film The Second Chance. Exploit writing, film and other accessible media as you set out to handle the difficulties of the interracial church.

Dentify and analyse some of the main ways in which stories are Assignment

Dentify and break down a portion of the principle manners by which stories are chosen by news associations and Outline and investigate the case - Assignment Example News about calamities follows an anticipated example for example early reports and late reports. Early reports are subject to the uncertain data about the occasion from the observers on the seriousness of the debacle. Later stories offer progressively indisputable and newsworthy subtleties on the occasion and happen following a few days (Schlesinger, 1987). Made news is progressively visit that unpredicted news. These exudes from the conduct of an individual or an association submitting a specific demonstration in an offer to look for exposure. For example, the advertising authority may take an interest during the time spent news making to look for exposure. Undertaking news is made when the journalists take part in acting as opposed to responding to catastrophe announcing. Undertaking news is regular with insightful announcing. The normal wellsprings of news can be summed up into the news net, institutional sources, for example, news beat, pre-choice of occasions, for example, the i nstance of news journal and produced news, for example, the advertising occasions. A snippet of data ought to be newsworthy for it to be distributed. As indicated by Lester M. (2002) and Galtung and Ruge, (1965), the newsworthiness of a story is controlled by news esteems. The first is sway whereby a story is progressively newsworthy in the event that it bids to a more prominent number of individuals. Immortality is likewise essential whereby later stories are increasingly newsworthy contrasted with old snippets of data. Be that as it may, immortality is additionally relative as an occasion could have happened in the past however acknowledged recently. Events dependent on unmistakable quality are likewise newsworthy. For example, stories related top conspicuous people, for example, big names or ground-breaking characters offer to the majority. Closeness of the news story to the crowd pulls to their advantage. Nearness can be measured either geologically or relying upon the normal de sires and enthusiasm of people in general. The oddness of a bit of news story pulls in the consideration of the general population. Famous stories among people in general are those identified with strife or contention. News money advances newsworthiness whereby a thought whose opportunity has arrived pulls in the consideration of the crowd. The thought expect its very own existence and catches the open creative mind for quite a while. The last key thought is the human interests whereby the vast majority are keen on those accounts that are have an entertaining subject. Different variables that decide the news value of a news story incorporate rivalry; business or calling rivalry of the media may influence the journalists’ underwriting on the estimation of news given to an article by an adversary. For example, Philo and Berry (2004) forecasts that the media inclusion of the contentions in Israel depended on rivalry among the media channels that got their news at any rate with s ome dependent on bogus hood. Another factor is time requirements for example, conventional news media, for example, radios have exacting cutoff times and short creation periods suggesting that they are proficient in the inclusion of news that can be looked into and announced hurriedly. Coordinations is additionally a deciding variable that decides the accessibility of worldwide interchanges and usefulness of specialized or monetary assets that decides if a story will be secured or not. The last procedure in the determination procedure is entryway keeping for example the manner by which data is sifted for spread. Door keeping gives the

Updating Maslows Hierarchy of Needs

Updating Maslows Hierarchy of Needs Theories Personality Psychology Print Updating Maslows Hierarchy of Needs By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Updated on February 15, 2020 Gary Waters / Ikon / Getty Images More in Theories Personality Psychology Myers-Briggs Type Indicator Behavioral Psychology Cognitive Psychology Developmental Psychology Social Psychology Biological Psychology Psychosocial Psychology Anyone who has ever taken a psychology class probably has at least a basic understanding of Abraham Maslows hierarchy of needs. Maslow suggested that needs at the base of the pyramid, which include such things as food, water, and sleep, must be met before people can move on to needs higher up on the hierarchy.?? After fulfilling these fundamental needs, people move on to the need for safety and security, then belonging and love and then esteem. Finally, once all these lower-level needs are met, Maslow suggested that people move on the need at the peak of the pyramid, which is known as self-actualization. A 1976 paper by Wahba and Bridwell suggested that the uncritical acceptance of Maslows hierarchy needed to be addressed by additional research.?? Their review of the research available at the time found little support for the accuracy of the hierarchy. More recent research has offered some support for Maslow’s original hierarchy, but many suggest that the theory might be in need updated to reflect better the needs of modern life. Does Maslow’s Hierarchy Hold Up? Maslow’s hierarchy of needs continues to be widely popular and most well accepted, but the available evidence does not necessarily support Maslow’s theory. Maslows need hierarchy theory presents the student of work motivation with an interesting paradox, Wahba and Bridwell wrote. The theory is widely accepted, but there is little evidence to support it. In their review of the available research, Wahba and Bridwell found that there was little empirical support suggesting that needs exist in a hierarchy at all.??Other critics have also suggested that the original hierarchy does not account for the fact that needs tend to change based on the situation.Maslows theory also does not account for differences between individualist and collectivist cultures. Does Maslow’s Hierarchy Need to Be Updated? In 2010, a team of psychologists attempted to modernize Maslows hierarchy. Their renovated version of the classic needs pyramid was published in an issue of Perspectives on Psychological Sciences.?? While the original hierarchy contained five levels, this revised version included seven. The bottom four levels of this new version are quite similar to Maslows, but big changes can be seen at the top levels of the proposed new version. Most surprisingly perhaps was that it eliminated the very highest levels of the original versionâ€"that of self-actualization. Why eliminate self-actualization? The authors of the article suggested that while self-actualization is still significant and interesting, it is not an evolutionarily fundamental need. Instead, the authors suggested, many of the activities and pursuits that Maslow initially identified as self-actualizing represent basic biological drives, such as attracting a mate and having children.?? The Updated Hierarchy of Needs So what replaces self-actualization at the top of this revised hierarchy?Parenting takes the top spot, followed byMate retentionMate acquisitionStatus/esteemFollowing those needs is affiliation and self-protection.Immediate physiological needs make up the very base of the pyramid. Among human aspirations that are most biologically fundamental are those that ultimately facilitate reproduction of our genes in our childrens children, explained the studys lead author Douglas Kenrick of Arizona State University in a press release.?? For that reason, parenting is paramount. The proposed revisions to Maslows original hierarchy did not come without controversy, however. The journal issue containing the revised hierarchy also included four different commentary pieces that offered perspectives on the original and revised versions of the hierarchy. While many agreed with the basic premise of the revised version, particularly the evolutionary basis for the revisions, many took issue with the removal of self-actualization as a key motivating need. People in Different Cultures May Have Similar Needs Psychologist Ed Diener of the University of Illinois led a study that put the famous hierarchy of needs to the test in different countries all over the world.?? Researchers conducted surveys on food, shelter, safety, money, social support, respect, and emotions in 155 different countries between 2005 and 2010. While some aspects of their findings are consistent with Maslows theory, there were also some notable departures. The needs described in Maslows theory appear to be universal. However, in this research, the order in which these needs are met had little impact on peoples satisfaction with life. Our findings suggest that Maslows theory is largely correct. In cultures all over the world the fulfillment of his proposed needs correlates with happiness, Diener explained in a press release.?? However, an important departure from Maslows theory is that we found that a person can report having good social relationships and self-actualization even if their basic needs and safety needs are not completely fulfilled. While recent research seems to support the idea of universal human needs, support for Maslows ranked hierarchy remains elusive. The Psychology of What Motivates Us

The Lord Of The Rings - 1648 Words

In a letter to one Milton Waldman, J.R.R. Tolkien explains that â€Å"myth and fairy-story must, as all art, reflect and contain in solution elements of moral and religious truth (or error), but not explicit, not in the known form of the primary real world.† As The Lord Of The Rings is, by Tolkien’s definition, a fairy-story, it would be correct to assume that it, too, contains â€Å"elements of moral and religious truth.† However, many who read Lord Of The Rings dispute the trilogy’s religious content. Tolkien states, The Lord Of The Rings is of course a fundamentally religious and Catholic work†¦ That is why I have not put in, or have cut out, practically all references to anything like ‘religion’...† Tolkien sprinkles bits of Christianity into Middle Earth to create an ultimately Christian work through his creation of a tripartite Christ figure, his inclusion of pity as a means of self-sustainment, and his working of providen ce throughout his characters’ toils. Tolkien has written a Christian work largely reinforced by the tripartite Christ figure he created among the characters of Aragorn, Gandalf, and Frodo. The three-character Christ figure is symbolic (as opposed to a single or two-part Christ figure) as each of the three characters represents a portion of the Holy Trinity: Father, Son, and Holy Spirit. It is Aragorn who takes the part of The Father: he is the King and the heir of Isildur. When he was young, his father was killed, so his mother brought him to be underShow MoreRelatedThe Lord Of The Rings1736 Words   |  7 PagesThe Lord Of The Rings The story began as a consequence to Tolkien s 1937 fantasy novel The Hobbit, but eventually improved into a much larger employment. Written in stages between 1937 and 1949, The Lord of the Rings is the second pick-selling surprising ever written, with over 150 million carbon copy sold. The Lord of the Rings is an epopoeia exalted-imagination recent written by English subcreator J. The toil was initially intended by Tolkien to be one roll of a two-volume put, the other toRead MoreThe Lord Of The Rings1383 Words   |  6 PagesSome stories can affect people emotionally, but once in a while a story can call a person to escape to it. The Lord of the Rings is an enchanting story with masterful use of setting and sensational characters that engages readers and can move them to experience life in a deeper way. As a child J.R.R. Tolkien lived in Africa until his father passed away. Then his mother moved them to England. Mrs. Tolkien made certain that her children learned literature and languages. It was probably due somewhatRead MoreThe Lord Of The Ring1455 Words   |  6 PagesTom Bombadil placed the magic ring on his finger; everyone waited for him to disappear, but nothing happened, and he handed the ring back to Frodo without a slight hesitation. Frodo offered Galadriel the ring and she grew into a horrible creature towering over Frodo, but fought the ringâ€⠄¢s strong temptation, and finally decreasing back to her normal self and declined the powerful ring. Both Tom and Galadriel, in The Lord of the Ring, portray Tolkien’s respect for nature and strong spirituality, becauseRead MoreThe Lord Of The Rings1549 Words   |  7 PagesDarkness extended over all of Middle-Earth like a veil during the time of war. New laws were enforced and the citizens’ freedom was taken away. Frodo’s magic ring represents the unsustainability of the environment, and the characters of Middle-Earth. In The Lord of the Rings, Tolkien uses the magic ring to reflect the politics of sustainability, by drawing from his own life experiences. Two philosophers, Scruton and Hart write their recipes for sustainability. Scruton believes that finding the rightRead MoreThe Lord Of The Rings1469 Words   |  6 Pagesauthor of The Fantastic: A Structural Approach to a Literary Genre, defined fantasy as â€Å"the creation of a moment of hesitation betw een two worlds†(qtd. Kelly, Course Introduction 2). This description of the genre compliments J.R.R Tolkien’s The Lord Of The Rings trilogy due to the author’s use of sub-creation to construct his alternate world. Tolkien believed that the way to create a believable, all-encompassing world was to combine fragments of reality, or the â€Å"primary world†, together to constructRead MoreThe Lord Of The Rings1698 Words   |  7 Pagesaudiences. Both of these have had a profound effect on the world, whether it be through changing a way of life or just by making time pass for a few hours. Certain books and movies have played great roles in the world and had many influences. The Lord of the Rings has had a massively positive effect on both literature and film. Its creation has led to many positives and in doing so has become one of the most influential stories ever created. It has also led to some major impacts outside of literature andRead MoreThe Lord Of The R ings999 Words   |  4 Pagesby J.R.R. Tolkien in The Lord of the Rings, where the ultimate power source created contains enough power that the master of the Ring becomes in turn the master of Middle Earth, and absolute power follows in accordance to absolute corruption of he who possesses it. Many a man and creature wields the Ring, falling to the temptation of its power and the poison of its possession, bringing about death and evil life to the masters of the Ring.In Tolkien’s The Lord of the Rings, the wizard Gandalf renouncesRead MoreThe Lord Of The Ring841 Words   |  4 PagesThe Lord of the Ring J.R.R Tolkien Setting the western, middle, and southern region of Middle earth in the third age Character Frodo - a Hobbit with the one ring and has to take it into the land of Mordor and throw it into Mount Doom Sam - a Hobbit who is Frodo’s best friend who helps Frodo on his journey and come with him to the end Peregrin Took - a Hobbit call Pippin, who is Frodo’s friend and he helps Frodo on his journey Merry - a Hobbit who is Frodo’s friend and he helps Frodo on his journeyRead MoreThe Lord Of The Rings1352 Words   |  6 PagesThe darkness that had extended over Middle-Earth, lifted like a veil the moment the magic ring was destroyed. New laws were enforced and the citizens’ freedom was taken away. In The Lord of the Rings, Tolkien uses the magic ring to reflect the politics of sustainability, therefore exploring the hardships of an unsustainable community. Frodo’s magic ring represents the ruthless actions of the creatures of Middle-Earth. Two philosophers, Scruton and Hart write their recipes for sustainability. ScrutonRead MoreThe Lord Of The Rings Essay1710 Words   |  7 PagesThe Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring takes place in a fantasy world called Middle Earth. In which, a young human-like creature called a hobbit named Frodo Baggins, played by Elijah Wood, enjoys his peaceful life, but yearns for adventure like his infamous uncle Bilbo Baggins. Wood is caught up in an ancient war between good and evil. In this war, Wood is required to encumber a great burden in order to permanently conquer evil. Originally released on December 2001, The Lord of the Rings:

My Love, A Nigerian Movie - 969 Words

‘My Love’, a Nigerian movie to be shown on our Campus This interesting film was produced by Ojiofor Ezeanyaeche in the year 2002, and it was accepted worldwide due to its advantageous messages to the youths, especially on campuses. It blends well with the exact happenings in our societies this day as the story was highly original. The Title, ‘my love’ might not catch much attention until it is shown here on campus and watched by the student populace. This film, ‘My Love’ should be shown on campus so that the students who are also the leaders of tomorrow will know who, how and when to love. One of the nagging problems nowadays is the frustrations that arise in terms of choice making on the part of our youths and the wrong decisions that follow. This of course can be tackled among our youths if this film is shown on this Campus for the entire students. ‘My Love’ is a must watched film for every youth across the globe. ‘My Loveâ €™ is a Nigerian movie which is to be shown on campus so in order to educate young people on whom to love. Real love is of course the foundation of every marriage, and marriage forms an important part of every individual life. The problem of wrong choice is very common among the youths of this generation and one of the ways to correct it is to get a play related to the situation, show it in schools and enable the students to have the real feelings. ‘My Love’ is a film whereby a lady wrongfully fell in love with a guy that his background was well known toShow MoreRelatedReflective Essay On Refugee Refugees1161 Words   |  5 Pagesor those with physical and mental disabilities. Since I had to flee my home and settle in America without speaking one word of English, I always tell refugees my story, which eases their frustrations. Instantly, their faces light up and they see me as an inspiration and hope for themselves and for their children’s future. Child pr edators and rapist are two groups of people who I do not feel comfortable working with. Because of my past experience, I do not I think I would be equipped to work withRead MoreIt Is Absolutely Certain That The Current Political Climate1684 Words   |  7 Pagesabout a group of people or a place. Growing up in a middle-class family in Nigeria, Adiche had an authentic view of Nigeria and Nigerian people because she experienced the diversity of her culture every day. That being said, when she began to attend university in the United States, she met someone, her roommate actually, who had not been experienced any authentic Nigerian identities. She proceeded to ask Adiche â€Å"where [she] had learned to speak English so well, if she could listen to her â€Å"tribal musicRead MoreThe Media s Influence On Society1929 Words   |  8 Pagesto produce something related to what people liked to see and society make people consume. Media as the most important part of our life, and gender a s the most general issue on our society, they both have changed and they will continue to change. In my opinion, media not only witnessed the transformation of the society’s attitude towards gender, but also improve the developing process of gender equality. Ang and Hermes note that early feminist researcher into gender and the media in 1970s. (MilestoneRead More Comparison of East and West African food and the influence they had in the U.S.?2301 Words   |  10 PagesAfrica to East Africa. Africans like most of the world outside of American and London aren’t fanatical on fast food even though it is becoming more popular most people eat at home or at relatives or friends home. Even Africans living outside of Africa love to cook rather than dine out in most cases. This report was based on interviews from Africans who grew up in traditional African homes in Africa. All references have been crossed checked and stories verified on how most African dishes are preparedRead MoreProfessional Presence and Influence2485 Words   |  10 PagesWeil (2004), components that contribute to wholeness include elements and forces that makes the human being a dynamic entity that is constantly destroying and re-creating its equilibrium. Models and Professional Presence The model that aligns with my professional presence is Era III Body/Mind/Spirit because it encompasses holistic nursing approach, which focuses on healing the whole person. I work on an acute care setting as an Assistant Nurse Manager, the patient population is mainly cardiac patientsRead MoreFeminism And Women s Rights On The Grounds Of Political, Social, And Social Equality1841 Words   |  8 Pagesshe is going through. She pushes a human being through her body and from that day, becomes one of the strongest people anyone knows. Men believe that they are superior to women but it is the other way around. Just as the famous saying goes from the movie â€Å"Annie†, â€Å"Anything you can do, I can do better. I can do anything better than you!† is true. Women CAN do anything better than men. As for patriarchy, that is the dominance of men in society and the oppression of women for men’s gain. Men think theyRead MoreThe Differences Between Peoples Attitudes Towards Gender Roles2954 Words   |  12 Pagesfrom desire to get better. Otherwise people won’t care about the problem and do anything about it. Last example is in a film called The Power of The Poor. The film illustrates how Peruvians are seeking for better life through financial success. The movie mentions that many poor families are moving into cities to become richer (Taylor). In addition, the film introduces that migration is happening globally these days. Why do people move form country sides to cities? The answer is simple. People are seekingRead MoreGrammar and Writing Class Curriculum Map2910 Words   |  12 Pagesin a sentence. (but,for,and) Interjections: An interjection is a word that can display feelings. (Wow! Hey!) Pronoun: A pronoun can be used to replace either a noun or pronoun. Underline the Nouns, Adjectives in the following sentences. 1. My shoes are blue in color. 2. There are several people currently being held hostage. 3. The bag was quite expensive. Underline the Verbs and Adverbs. 1. Jake wrestled with his brother today. 2. Lilly Anne stop chewing loudly! 3. 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The enclosed portfolio of album cover art springs from my ongoing concern with the emergence in the United States of a jazz culture that has affected not only virtually all other music, here and elsewhere, but other forms of expression as well. This influence has been exceedingly potent in the visual arts

Feminism in Aliens Free Essays

Having carried their gender as a burden for years, woman have now grown to have a massive and essential influence in worldwide cinema. Feminist film theory challenges audiences to understand the source of gender inequality. Predominantly a masculine industry, early film have been said to contain the â€Å"male gaze,† where the audience is placed in the shoes of a heterosexual male and woman are a merely objects to be viewed or damsels to be saved. We will write a custom essay sample on Feminism in Aliens or any similar topic only for you Order Now The science fiction and horror genres are no stranger to this technique often putting women in a helpless situation against monstrous forces until the big hero comes. Aliens, written and directed by Oscar winning James Cameron, turns this gaze around presenting its strong female heroine, Ripley. In Lynda Bundtzen’s article, â€Å"Monstrous Mothers,† she states the film as being â€Å"a profoundly disturbing allegory about contemporary feminism†¦ woman’s culture vs. her culture making aspirations,† (Bundtzen 11) Aliens expresses its major analysis of both genders, but emphasizes female empowerment making it a driving force for feminism in film.It is undeniable that one of the many themes presented in Aliens is that the female gender is far from inferior. In writing the dialogue, Cameron expresses the behavior of a male brute, yet showing their inevitable downfall. During Act I of Cameron’s script, our protagonist, Ripley, is wrongfully thought to be hysterically crazy when warning a room full of men about the dangers of the alien species. The male soldiers share this same flaw undermining the female and expressing their dominance. During the drop of the LV-426 ship, Hudson boasts, â€Å"I’m ready, man, check it out. I am the ultimate badass! State of the badass art! You do not wanna fuck with me. Check it out! Hey Ripley, don’t worry. Me and my squad of ultimate badasses will protect you! Check it out! Independently targeting particle beam phalanx. Vwap! Fry half a city with this puppy. We got tactical smart missiles, phase-plasma pulse rifles, RPGs, we got sonic electronic ball breakers! † (James Cameron, dir. , 1986). Along with a tough front, Hudson also expresses his arrogance asking Vasquez, â€Å"Hey Vasquez, have you ever been mistaken for a man? † she replies, â€Å"No, have you? † (James Cameron, dir. 1986). Not only does Cameron write for Hudson to be ignorant, the female soldier Vasquez seems equal in physical strength, but superior in wit and confidence. The story moves forward, and all the characters begin to show their true selves as the trials wane down their fronts. Aliens begin to close in on the team’s position and Hudson seems weaker as if a scared child screaming, â€Å"Oh dear Lord Jesus, this ain’t happening, man†¦ This can’t be happening, man! This isn’t happening! † (James Cameron, dir. , 1986). The trials brake down this man once filled with superiority into a now inferior being.With experience and wisdom, Ripley seems more calm and collected in handling the situation. Not even the little Newt now seems as much of an infant as the soldier Hudson. As the film moves, more and more do the triumph of the female characters overcome the inferiority of the â€Å"masculine† soldiers; Cameron explores the power of the relationship between mother and daughter or just mother and its offspring. Acting as a motherly figure, Ripley faces almost certain death to save the little girl Newt (an action the males in this film would never execute) .Just as the rays of hope begin to shine on the lives of Newt and Ripley, Cameron’s thematic narrative brings back the true enemy. The only thing standing between them and life is the mother alien herself. The mother is shown as the largest and strongest of the breed with the ability to implement embryos in its victims, or in other words, create life. The â€Å"defeat† and escape of this massive mother is â€Å"only provisional and temporary,† (Bundtzen 11). Aliens, written and directed by a male, is a film that yells for the strength of every type of woman.The innocent child Newt, the tough and admirable Vasquez, the deadly and powerful mother alien, and the heroine of all, Ripley are all glorified in some way. In glorifying the woman, the film simultaneously emasculates the roles of men and expresses a different viewpoint on genders. No longer will the male hero be required to save the day, Ripley shows strength, honor, and bravery in a time when all else fail aspire. Though not a ideological feminist character, Ripley shows the traits of the strong feminine movement.1. Bundtzen, Lynda K. â€Å"Monstrous Mothers: Medusa, Grendel, and now Alien. Film Quarterly. Vol. 15, No. 3. p. 11-17. 1987. 2. Cameron, James, dir. Aliens. Feature Film. Twentieth Century Fox, 1986. Aliens Collector Edition, Twentieth Century Fox Home Entertainment, 2003. 3. Doherty, Thomas. â€Å"Genre, Gender, and the Aliens Trilogy. † The Dread of Difference. Barry Keith Grant, Ed. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1996. p. 181-199. 4. Creed, Barbara. â€Å"Horror and the Monstrous Feminine: An Imaginary Abjection. † Screen 27. 1 (1986): 44-70. Rpt. As â€Å"Alien and the Monstrous Feminine. † In Kuhn, Alien Zone (1990): 128-144. How to cite Feminism in Aliens, Papers

Patient Safety Using Coroner Findings

Question: Discuss about the Patient Safety Using Coroner Findings. Answer: Introduction It is almost incalculable on the contribution of nurses towards the health and wellbeing of individuals and the whole community. Nursing as a profession promotes public health and eases the pain and suffering advocated for the weak and vulnerable so as to attain quality health. Healthcare provided by qualified nurses initiates the following; saving a life, preventing complications and sufferings, and improving the well-being of individuals. However, they face a lot of challenges for instance, when a patient dies in front of them due to poor decision making and failure to provide the necessary care to the patient. This essay critiques on the analysis of nursing, the tort of negligence and the ethical issues. Analysis SM is a patient who died from pulmonary embolism originating from deep vein thrombosis in the right calf after undergoing surgery in the hospital for treatment of a ruptured appendicitis. Despite SMs previous sickness, what led to his death can be put into judgement especially to the health care team, as such, a report on the findings of the coroner showed that there is an explicit failure on the intervention team in identifying and investigating the cause of his unrelenting saturations of low oxygen levels. When the health care team used oxygen to manage low oxygen saturations on SM, it depicts a presence of poor decision making tactics by the initial treatment team. For a nurse to carry out a significant role in the health of a patient, a consultation is always needed from either conducting an investigation or enquiring information from medical officers (El-Jardali, et.al, 2011). However, findings from the coroner shows that oxygen was used and adjusted between low flow through nasal prongs and high flow through Hudson mask. In this case, medical intervention and an investigation were required so as to identify the cause before making a decision. Nevertheless, an arterial blood gas test was not done on the patient, SM, because they thought hypoxia and low saturations were not under considerations and this should have been done. As such, it indicates how poor decision making is in the health care team especially in nursing. According to research, decisions that nurses make should first be investigated and consulted with the medical doctors since decisions require specialist expertise. Arguably, the death of SM resulted from his conditions, but it seems to have been a combination of systemic issues encompassing decisions that were made in the treatment process. Appropriate prophylaxis includes a first dose of chemical prophylaxis either pre-operatively or intra-operatively. However, the findings indicated that SM did not receive heparin treatment until the following day at 8.00 am. Despite the case not contributing to the death of SM, it shows poor care provision. Also, there was no record of the treating surgical team of the VTE risk assessment and thus can indicate ongoing inadequate care provision since they fail to comply with the procedure of VTE prophylaxis of the hospital. Research suggests that compliance with a documented risk assessment for VTE prophylaxis during surgery is essential when it comes to incidents of accidents and investigations (Melnyk, Gallagher-Ford Fineout-Overholt, 2014). Failure to complete an observation form on the early morning was an indication of poor care at the local hospital. From the findings, it was noted that some observations were not on the record, not in trend and not documented, if they were there, they were not added correctly. The provision of care given by a nurse is essential for the health outcome of a patient (Chassin Loeb, 2011). It is necessary for nurses and practitioners to be sensitive on what is required of them in administering healthcare to the patients. Best Practice and Patient Safety A healthcare team should translate to providing their level best care to patients. This includes watching patients wellbeing, their situations and making early recognition on clinical deterioration so as to ensure their patients are in the proper status of improvement. To provide best practices, nurses can utilize their psychomotor domains such as coordination and physical movement. In nursing skills, it is essential for them to be competent to fundamental safety and efficient practicing. A psychomotor skill requires training, commitment and practice for better performance in techniques of safety, correct sequencing and accuracy. Nurses can use psychomotor skills to make observations on the patient and be under close supervision of a medical doctor. They should perform the skill independently while coordinating and modifying the skill so as to be accurate and be competent. Communication is required in the environment of health care right from senior doctors to those below them. One of the incidents that arose in SM's condition was failure to communicate by the nurse to the top medical doctors. Open communication between hospitals, nursing assistants, nurses in charge, directors and administrators and other staffs is the key to keeping problems from becoming severe" (Rilley, 2015)). Though nurses are required to apply oxygen to patients so as to offer support, they should first communicate before carrying out the procedure. Monitoring is essential for better practice in nursing so as to observe the changes being made by the patient. Monitoring is recommendable for patients with worse and sudden conditions so as to be able to take immediate action and avoiding increasing risk to the patient. Control of health is the requirement of nurses by the health care (DeWit O'Neill, 2013). It is an ongoing collection that is purposeful by interpreting and synthesizing data for clinical decision making with the aim of identifying and preventing probable problems. The practice involves skill in the exploit of devices for monitoring so as to measure the oxygenation and other states such as neurological respiration status. Monitoring is about thinking critically about the probable reason for changes in the vital signs of a patient. Research indicates that to monitor is to think far from the obvious in treatment construction then formulating a strategy to intervene the recognized results of the patient (Elliot Covetting , 2012). Reporting involves the nurse and the patient playing a role in ensuring there is safety. A patient is supposed to report any pain and anything that he or she might be uncomfortable with so as the right action is taken (Huber, 2013). On the other hand, nurses are to report on any matter that seems critical and beyond their effort. They should ensure they report on the medicines which they give to the patient so as to create awareness to the medical officer. Accountability and responsibility- The nurse is the key and prime link to a patient in access to medical care. In the correctional setting, exploitation of nursing processes such as detailed assessment is critical to the outcome of the patient (Hood, 2013). Nurses are accountable in collecting detailed data in a systemic and ongoing procedure in using tools and techniques that are appropriate so as to construct a coherent plan and be able to give subsequent care (Solbrekke England, 2011). They are responsible for promoting the provision of safe, appropriate and ethical care. Nurses are to evaluate their own practice and undertake activities that are meant to improve practice. They are also answerable for their actions and professional conduct. They are responsible for working together with the patient so as to make sure the health of the patient is progressing well. Tort of Negligence A tort of negligence is being careless and signifies a failure to exercise care that is the standard which another reasonable person should have applied in the circumstances. There is a statutory duty in taking care when it is reasonable in foreseeing failure that is likely to cause injury (Swisher, 2011). Negligence is when many kinds of harms are created by the inability to take adequate precautions. Unintentional tort is usually a negligence which conducts falls below the standard care while malpractice is negligence that is conducted by a professional nurse or a physician. Medical negligence takes place when professionals of heath care fail to carry out a reasonable medical professional (Nettina, Msn Nettina, 2013). The malpractice is seen as conduct that is somehow mere negligence since the medical malpractice is usually negligence by the provider of health care that caused the injury to the patient. In this case, SM has low oxygen saturation in his body and reduced breath sounds at the bottom of his lungs. The patient sits out of bed all day, a repeat x-ray and ongoing chest physiotherapy is carried out with no medical credentials on the low saturations on SM and this is to show negligence by the nurses. Also when they take an action of applying and changing level flow through nasal prongs and high flow through Hudson mask the nurses show their negligence or failure to carry out investigations from the medical officers who are around despite their increased support in administering the oxygen saturations. The purpose of the nurse was not to conduct harm to SM. However, their failure to seek first guidance and consultation from the medical seniors indicates their negligence (Studdert, et.al., 2011). Elements In the current medical malpractices lawsuit, the plaintiff must be proven in the following elements and must be established by a preponderance of the evidence. The defendant owing the plaintiff a reasonable duty of care- the plaintiff must indicate that the nurse had a role in giving care to the plaintiff. It can be easy for the plaintiff to be proven since once nurses undertake their care; they have an apparent role in providing care for the patient in a way that is competent and reasonable (Shandell, Smith Schulman, 2015). All nurses owe a duty of precise care to all patients. Breached duty of a defendant- this occurs when a nurse doesn't do what a reasonable nurse would have done when in the same situation, thus it can mean that a nurse can fall below the acceptable standard of care. Incurred injury, loss or harm to the defendant- in proving the element of damage, the plaintiff must be capable of establishing experienced physical harm, lost money or actual decline in the life quality of patient (Kessler, 2011). As such, it will help to determine the monetary indemnity that will be rewarded if plaintiff at trial succeeds and works out. Ethical Issues Clinical discipline gives a structural loom to help physicians to recognize, examine and resolve ethical issues. It also requires knowledge on ethical matters such as informed approval, confidentiality and much more. The principle of respect for the autonomy-Any notion of ethical decision making assumes that agents of rationale are engaged in decision making that is informed and voluntary. The decision of the patient and autonomy must be respected as well as the physician must carry out to avoid harm and give a medical benefit (Johnstone, 2015). In SMs case, he had informed the doctor on where he was feeling the pain, but the doctor went out and carried surgery thinking it could be related. Here, the prima facie of the physician is to respect the choice of the patient. Non-maleficence principle- it requires that no harm should be intentionally created to the patient. It affirms on the medical need of the patient so as to protect him or her from damage. In some cases, it might be difficult to choose from imminent harm, for instance in the case of SM; it was hard for the nurses to escape the damage that SM was experiencing. The case might be confusing since the single action and a decision could have an effect on the outcome of the patient. Therefore it is good for the practitioners to consider the nature of the act, the intention of the agent and the difference between means and effects. Beneficence Principle- health care has duties in being the benefit of the patient as well as undertaking steps in preventing and removing harm from the patient. This principle should be given the priority over others especially in Emergence Medicine (Veatch, 2016). At the time of surgery of SM, nurses could communicate with the senior doctors, but no action was done. When a physician acts from a spirit of benevolence in giving treatments that are beneficial, then that is often the best interest in the eye of the patient. When SM is under surgery, a justified paternalism should be seen in the treatment of SM and the communication being given to the medical doctors. Conclusion In general, Nurses have a role to carry in the health of all individuals in the hospital and the society. They should work keenly by ensuring they maintain the ethic of their professionalism for better well-being and health of all people. References Chassin, M. R., Loeb, J. M. (2011). The ongoing quality improvement journey: next stop, high reliability. Health Affairs, 30(4), 559-568. DeWit, S. C., O'Neill, P. A. (2013). Fundamental concepts and skills for nursing. Elsevier Health Sciences. Elliott, M., Coventry, A. (2012). Critical care: the eight vital signs of patient monitoring. Br J Nurs, 21(10), 621-625. El-Jardali, F., Dimassi, H., Jamal, D., Jaafar, M., Hemadeh, N. (2011). Predictors and outcomes of patient safety culture in hospitals. BMC Health Services Research, 11(1), 1. Hood, L. (2013). Leddy Pepper's Conceptual bases of professional nursing. Lippincott Williams Wilkins. Huber, D. (2013). Leadership and nursing care management. Elsevier Health Sciences. Johnstone, M. J. (2015). Bioethics: a nursing perspective. Elsevier Health Sciences. Kessler, D. P. (2011). Evaluating the medical malpractice system and options for reform. The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 25(2), 93-110. Melnyk, B. M., Gallagher?Ford, L., Long, L. E., Fineout?Overholt, E. (2014). The establishment of evidence?based practice competencies for practicing registered nurses and advanced practice nurses in real?world clinical settings: proficiencies to improve healthcare quality, reliability, patient outcomes, and costs. Worldviews on Evidence?Based Nursing, 11(1), 5-15. Nettina, S. M., Msn, A. B., Nettina, S. M. (2013). Lippincott manual of nursing practice. Lippincott Williams Wilkins. Riley, J. B. (2015). Communication in nursing. Elsevier Health Sciences. Shandell, R. E., Smith, P., Schulman, F. A. (2015). The preparation and trial of medical malpractice cases. Law Journal Press. Solbrekke, T. D., Englund, T. (2011). Bringing professional responsibility back in. Studies in Higher Education, 36(7), 847-861. Studdert, D. M., Spittal, M. J., Mello, M. M., O'Malley, A. J., Stevenson, D. G. (2011). Relationship between quality of care and negligence litigation in nursing homes. New England Journal of Medicine, 364(13), 1243-1250. Swisher, P. N. (2011). Virginia Should Abolish the Archaic Tort Defense of Contributory Negligence and Adopt a Comparative Negligence Defense in Its Place. U. Rich. L. Rev., 46, 359. Veatch, R. M. (2016). The basics of bioethics. Routledge.

An Appreciation of the Short Story The Black Veil by Charles Dickens Essay Example

An Appreciation of the Short Story The Black Veil by Charles Dickens Paper Charles Dickens, as a novel writer, is renown for writing in excessive amounts in order to describe people or the atmosphere, or for setting scenes. However, in his short stories, such as The Black Veil, he has to keep the story short, and so cannot afford to go into as much detail as he would prefer. However, being one of the great authors of all time, he still manages to create classic works in just a few pages. The Black Veil is approximately 10 pages long, which, compared with Dickens novels, is very short indeed, even smaller than a usual chapter in a novel. In the first paragraph, Dickens ttempts to set the scene by describing the weather. Usually, he would write for a relatively long time about such a thing, but here he has to keep it short, spending only a paragraph on the subject. He decides to make the weather outside very harsh in order to quickly set an atmospheric mood of cold and dark, and mystery. He backs up his description of how bad the weather is by contrasting it with the surgeons warm home. First, he thought how hard the wind was blowing and how the cold, sharp rain would be at that moment beating in his face if he were not comfortably housed at home. Dickens also spends little time in describing the surgeon himself, not even telling the reader his name. However, it does mention a character called Rose, who the surgeon wishes to marry. We will write a custom essay sample on An Appreciation of the Short Story The Black Veil by Charles Dickens specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on An Appreciation of the Short Story The Black Veil by Charles Dickens specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on An Appreciation of the Short Story The Black Veil by Charles Dickens specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer This outlines the surgeons aims in life, and also his problems. Then he began to wonder when his first patient would appear or whether he was destined, by a special dispensation of providence, never to have any patients at all. In this opening paragraph, Dickens has set the scene and has added the start of a plot through a, at this point, very vague character. The next paragraph introduces another character who is intended by Dickens to add both ension and a comical effect to the story. The character has very little description, but from what there is, the reader imagines a chubby little boy eating peppermints all day. He introduces the main subject of the story, the woman in the black veil, and does so in an interesting, and somewhat amusing way. The main purpose of the boy is to add a wider perspective of the woman. He causes suspense and tension, as well as excitement from the way he tries to tell the surgeon of the visitor, but is obviously afraid of her. The boy makes the woman seem disturbing and frightening. The next paragraph describes the womans appearance, vaguely, but showing that she is of a strange appearance. She does not say anything for a long time, adding to the suspense and making her seem even stranger. The woman then tells the surgeon of her problem, which to the reader, and the surgeon, sounds ridiculus. There is a sense of mystery and confusion, as the reader cannot comprehend why the woman will not let the surgeon help the man she speaks of until it is too late. Dickens makes the woman sound desperate and deeply concerned for the person she talks of, but he does not reveal why the woman will not let the surgeon see he man. Tomorrow morning he of whom I speak will be I know, though I would fain think otherwise, beyond the reach of human aid; and yet, tonight, though he is in deadly peril, you must not and could not serve him. Dickens continues to keep the reader confused, not giving away the reason why the surgeon cannot help the man, constantly repeating the fact that he is going to die before tomorrow, but he cannot be helped until tomorrow. Dickens then issues some possibilities of why the man cannot be seen, or helped until tomorrow. He does this to keep the reader thinking and to keep them interested.

The History of the Armillary Sphere

The History of the Armillary Sphere An armillary sphere is a miniature representation of celestial objects in the sky, depicted as a series of rings centered around a globe. Armillary spheres have a long history. Early History of the Armillary Sphere Some sources credit Greek philosopher Anaximander of Miletus (611-547 BCE) with inventing the armillary sphere, others credit Greek astronomer Hipparchus (190-120 BCE), and some credit the Chinese. Armillary spheres first appeared in China during the Han Dynasty (206 BCE-220 CE). One early  Chinese  armillary sphere can be traced to Zhang Heng, an astronomer in the Eastern Han Dynasty (25-220 CE). The exact origin of armillary spheres cannot be confirmed. However, during the Middle Ages, armillary spheres became widespread and increased in sophistication. Armillary Spheres in Germany The earliest surviving globes were produced in Germany. Some were made by German map-maker Martin Behaim of Nuremberg in 1492. Another early maker of armillary spheres was Caspar Vopel (1511-1561), a German mathematician and geographer. Vopel made a small manuscript terrestrial globe housed within a series of eleven interlocking armillary rings produced in 1543. What Armillary Spheres Got Wrong By moving the armillary rings, you could theoretically demonstrate how the stars and other celestial objects moved in the sky. However, these armillary spheres reflected early misconceptions of astronomy. The spheres depicted  the Earth at the center of the universe, with interlocking rings illustrating the circles of the sun, moon, known planets, and important stars (as well as the signs of the zodiac). This makes them a model of the inaccurate Ptolemaic (or Earth-centered) cosmic system (as opposed to the  way things actually work, by the Copernican System, with the sun as the center of the solar system.) Armillary spheres  often got geography wrong, too- Caspar Vopels sphere, for instance, depicts North America and Asia as one land mass, a common misconception of the time.

Polis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Polis - Essay Example However, by the 12th century BC, they started living as nomadic or sedentary tribes. By the 8th century BC, these tribes grew into political entities that revolved around trade and commerce. From here, the Polis was born, spurred on by the need for common protection and organization among these entities. The Polis was not a structure that was bound by territory as much as it was bound by political, religious, or tribal affiliation of the members. A polis would be composed of several tribes, or demes; foreigners, or metics; and slaves. Only the demes would be truly considered as citizens and would have the right to participate in the polis' government. The polis, being a small city-state (Sparta was the largest at only 3000 square miles), allowed for much political experimentation. At the beginning, various structures were employed by the Greek states - monarchies (rule by kings), oligarchies (rule by a few), timocracies (rule by the wealthy), tyrannies (rule by tyrants or usurpers) and democracies (rule by the people). The states adopted the structure that they saw most fit for the crises they encountered. One other advantage of a polis was its size. Since the polis was a small city-based entity, it was easier to manage, organize.

Down Syndrome Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Down Syndrome - Essay Example Down believed that those suffering from the condition could lead a better life if given a chance (Bowman-Kruhm 11). The condition came to be referred as Down syndrome in the early 1960s (Margulies 8). Dr. Jerome Lejeune and Patricia Jacobs, in 1959, identified the link between DS and the presence of an extra chromosome (Bowman-Kruhm 12). Symptoms Those suffering from DS exhibit both physical abnormalities as well as health complications. They have delayed cognitive development during early infancy, leading to mental retardation and reduction in intelligence quotient (IQ) from early infancy to late childhood (Rachidi & Lopes). They experience deficiency in speech and language production. The low IQ persists in adulthood and is coupled with a decline in cognition, which is a result of accelerated ageing. By the fourth decade of life, there is often an early onset of neurohistopathology, resembling Alzheimer’s disease (Rachidi & Lopes). Patients with DS have deficient spatial lea rning, behavioral defects, and memory deficits due to development and functional impairments in neurogenesis, myelination, synaptogenesis, etc. in the brain (Rachidi & Lopes). Patients with DS often have some or many of the commonly recognizable traits commonly associated with the condition. They lack normal muscle tone, giving them a â€Å"floppy† appearance (Griffith, Moore and Yoder 270). The head is often abnormally shaped, with an unusually shaped skull. They also have unusual facial features such as flattened nose, large tongues, small mouths, abnormally shaped ears, broad hands with large palm creases, and slanting almond shaped eyes with an abnormal iris... Those suffering from DS exhibit both physical abnormalities as well as health complications. They have delayed cognitive development during early infancy, leading to mental retardation and reduction in intelligence quotient (IQ) from early infancy to late childhood (Rachidi & Lopes). They experience deficiency in speech and language production. The low IQ persists in adulthood and is coupled with a decline in cognition, which is a result of accelerated ageing. By the fourth decade of life, there is often an early onset of neurohistopathology, resembling Alzheimer’s disease (Rachidi & Lopes). Patients with DS have deficient spatial learning, behavioral defects, and memory deficits due to development and functional impairments in neurogenesis, myelination, synaptogenesis, etc. in the brain (Rachidi & Lopes). Patients with DS often have some or many of the commonly recognizable traits commonly associated with the condition. They lack normal muscle tone, giving them a â€Å"floppy† appearance (Griffith, Moore and Yoder 270). The head is often abnormally shaped, with an unusually shaped skull. They also have unusual facial features such as flattened nose, large tongues, small mouths, abnormally shaped ears, broad hands with large palm creases, and slanting almond shaped eyes with an abnormal iris (Griffith, Moore and Yoder 270). It is also observed that the inner corner of the eyes in patients with DS has a rounded fold of skin called the epicanthial fold (Griffith, Moore and Yoder 270). Apart from these, they also often suffer from gastrointestinal and heart defects. Some patients with DS are found to possess normal intelligence, while most others suffer from intellectual deficiencies (Margulies 5).

Polynomial Matrix Decompositions

Polynomial Matrix Decompositions The interest and dramatic increase in demand for high-speed data transmission has exploded since the introduction of triple play multimedia services. One of the pioneering contributions is the increasingly higher data rates achievable through the use of multiple-input multiple output (MIMO) channels. A further increase in data rates is possible through a well-coordinated multiple channels. Precoding and equalization transmission blocks represent a typical coordinated strategy that enhance the channel capacity of a deterministic narrowband MIMO channel. This strategy can be derived by performing a singular value decomposition (SVD) of a channel matrix. These blocks allow a MIMO channel matrix to solve a host of special multicarrier problems using the orthogonal property of the system. It can also be exploited to approximate low-rank channel matrix by reducing the dimensionality of high-dimensional data sets. The technique referred to here as an orthogonal spatial multiplexing (OSM) method. OSM allows multiple users to use a given bandwidth simultaneously by dividing the available channel into multiple narrow orthogonal bands that are spectrally spaced. Each band is then divided into numerous subcarriers, which are structures so as not to interfere with one another. The transmit signal is then modulated onto these subcarriers. The technique exploits physical separation methods that permit the sharing of channel resources simultaneously.   Every users becomes spatially spaced far enough from each other to counteract interference.   In addition to spacing, dual polarizations are introduced to further avoid interference. When signalling over MIMO channels using an orthogonal spatial multiplexing, an SVD can be used to derive every sub-carrier/tone. In the traditional method, an increase in the number of tones also increase the complex computational load.   It is therefore the focus of this study to investigate an alternative means for obtaining an efficient decomposition. A MIMO channel can be modelled as a weighted sum of the past and present samples of transmit data. The channel considers a finite impulse response (FIR) filters that can be represented by a covariance matrix whose elements are polynomials. This study focuses on investigating algorithms that decompose the covariance matrix directly. Approximation factors can then be introduced to obtain the Precoding and equalization transmission blocks. Existing polynomial singular value decomposition algorithm is used and studied in the context of channel quality and computational complexity settings. The decomposition algorithms were shown to give decompositions of good channel quality, but if the goal is to obtain Precoding and equalization transmission blocks, the computational load is restricted with higher multidimensional channels. An algorithm for approximating direct decomposition of covariance matrices is investigated. Although we discuss simple cases resulted in excellent decompositions but analyse with numerical stability of a spectral factorization steps for large-case decompositions. For high frequency selective MIMO channels, the performance achieved by utilizing the polynomial SVD algorithm were compared to the channel capacity. It was shown that if the transmit sequences are approximated individually at the receiver, as done in the traditional approach, the performance more likely to be sensitive to errors in the decomposition. An equalizer with a spatially joint detector seems promising to achieve a better performance close to the single-user transmission. With such an equalizer, the low complexity property of the traditional approach is compromised with performance. Summarizing, this study has shown that a MIMO channel can be diagonalized in space and frequency using spatial multiplexing method in conjunction with a polynomial SVD algorithm. In order to reach better performance close to the achivable of a single-user, the computational load becomes restraining compared to the traditional approach, for channels with higher multidirectional channels.

Tested in Every Way Essay -- Christopher Ruddy

Tested in Every Way: the Catholic Priesthood in Today’s Church, written by Christopher Ruddy, is a report and at the same time a reflection on the Seventh Annual Cardinal Bernardin Conference which was held in the Oblate School of Theology in San Antonio, TX in 2003 . Ruddy reports the voices of academic and pastoral expertise sharing about the challenges and the identity of being a priest. Besides of giving a report, the book opens up and finishes with the Ruddy’s insightful reflections. Ruddy opens up with an â€Å"examination of the cultural and ecclesiological contexts of the priesthood in today’s church (13)†. In the first chapter of the book Ruddy mentions three challenges the church and priest are facing today: popular skepticism, erosion of biblical and theological literacy, and the impossibility of a genuine diverse but unified moral and religious community. He states that the rise of skepticism contributes to a hermeneutics of suspicion. That type of hermeneutics lead to a construction of narratives of progress and redemption, but sometimes those narratives are held to twist the reality (19) creating divisions among other groups (20). To face the mentioned challenges, Ruddy says: â€Å"the priest are called to model catholicity in the face of pluralism, defend objective truth against skepticism, and to speak about the obstacles to hope†. Finally, Ruddy mentions that there have been many contextual and demographical changes in society tha t have shaped the identity of the priest, but as John Paul II puts it, â€Å" the priest receives his identity and his ministry from the communion he shares with Christ, his bishop, brother priests, his fellows baptized, and the entire human community (48). In the chapters two, three and four... ... see a priest witnessing what he preaches, and a priest that takes into account the gifts, talents and knowledge of all the member of the community. Bevan’s image of the conductor of an orchestra is what people want to see. In other word a priest as a person that leads the community to work in harmony and through that community work lead people to Christ. Tested in Every Way is a book that needs to be read by priests, seminarians and those who are in training for future ministry. The book opens our mind to a broader perspective of what the priest is today and what is expected of him in the future. I see the book as an invitation to reflect on my own image of the priesthood and at the same time to work toward a vision that embraces me in a community which is sustained by the relationship with God and all the members of the faithful community.

Prelude to Foundation Chapter 19 Dors

SELDON, HARI-†¦ it is customary to think of Hari Seldon only in connection with psychohistory, to see him only as mathematics and social change personified. There is no doubt that he himself encouraged this for at no time in his formal writings did he give any hint as to how he came to solve the various problems of psychohistory. His leaps of thought might have all been plucked from air, for all he tells us. Nor does he tell us of the blind alleys into which he crept or the wrong turnings he may have made†¦ As for his private life, it is a blank. Concerning his parents and siblings, we know a handful of factors, no more. His only son, Raych Seldon, is known to have been adopted, but how that came about is not known. Concerning his wife, we only know that she existed. Clearly, Seldon wanted to be a cipher except where psychohistory was concerned. It is as though he felt-or wanted it to be felt-that he did not live, he merely psychohistorified. Encyclopedia Galactica 91. Hummin sat calmly, not a muscle twitching, still looking at Hari Seldon and Seldon, for his part, waited. It was Hummin, he thought, who should speak next. Hummin did, but said merely, â€Å"A robot? Me?-By robot, I presume you mean an artificial being such as the object you saw in the Sacratorium in Mycogen.† â€Å"Not quite like that,† said Seldon. â€Å"Not metal? Not burnished? Not a lifeless simulacrum?† Hummin said it without any evidence of amusement. â€Å"No. To be of artificial life is not necessarily to be made of metal. I speak of a robot indistinguishable from a human being in appearance.'. â€Å"If indistinguishable, Hari, then how do you distinguish?† â€Å"Not by appearance.† â€Å"Explain.† â€Å"Hummin, in the course of my flight from yourself as Demerzel, I heard of two ancient worlds, as I told you-Aurora and Earth. Each seemed to be spoken of as a first world or an only world. In both cases, robots were spoken of, but with a difference.† Seldon was staring thoughtfully at the man across the table, wondering if, in any way, he would give some sign that he was less than a man-or more. He said, â€Å"Where Aurora was in question, one robot was spoken of as a renegade, a traitor, someone who deserted the cause. Where Earth was in question, one robot was spoken of as a hero, one who represented salvation. Was it too much to suppose that it was the same robot?† â€Å"Was it?† murmured Hummin. â€Å"This is what I thought, Hummin. I thought that Earth and Aurora were two separate worlds, co-existing in time. I don't know which one preceded the other. From the arrogance and the conscious sense of superiority of the Mycogenians, I might suppose that Aurora was the original world and that they despised the Earthmen who derived from them-or who degenerated from them. â€Å"On the other hand, Mother Rittah, who spoke to me of Earth, was convinced that Earth was the original home of humanity and, certainly, the tiny and isolated position of the Mycogenians in a whole galaxy of quadrillions of people who lack the strange Mycogenian ethos might mean that Earth was indeed the original home and that Aurora was the aberrant offshoot. I cannot tell, but I pass on to you my thinking, so that you will understand my final conclusions.† Hummin nodded. â€Å"I see what you are doing. Please continue.† â€Å"The worlds were enemies. Mother Rittah certainly made it sound so. When I compare the Mycogenians, who seem to embody Aurora, and the Dahlites, who seem to embody Earth, I imagine that Aurora, whether first or second, was nevertheless the one that was more advanced, the one that could produce more elaborate robots, even ones indistinguishable from human beings in appearance. Such a robot was designed and devised in Aurora, then. But he was a renegade, so he deserted Aurora. To the Earthpeople he was a hero, so he must have joined Earth. Why he did this, what his motives were, I can't say.† Hummin said, â€Å"Surely, you mean why it did this, what its motives were.† â€Å"Perhaps, but with you sitting across from me,† said Seldon, â€Å"I find it difficult to use the inanimate pronoun. Mother Rittah was convinced that the heroic robot-her heroic robot-still existed, that he would return when he was needed. It seemed to me that there was nothing impossible in the thought of an immortal robot or at least one who was immortal as long as the replacement of worn-out parts was not neglected.† â€Å"Even the brain?† asked Hummin. â€Å"Even the brain. I don't really know anything about robots, but I imagine a new brain could be re-recorded from the old.-And Mother Rittah hinted of strange mental powers.-I thought: It must be so. I may, in some ways, be a romantic, but I am not so much a romantic as to think that one robot, by switching from one side to the other, can alter the course of history. A robot could not make Earth's victory sure, nor Aurora's defeat certain-unless there was something strange, something peculiar about the robot.† Hummin said, â€Å"Does it occur to you, Hari, that you are dealing with legends, legends that may have been distorted over the centuries and the millennia, even to the extent of building a veil of the supernatural over quite ordinary events? Can you make yourself believe in a robot that not only seems human, but that also lives forever and has mental powers? Are you not beginning to believe in the superhuman?† â€Å"I know very well what legends are and I am not one to be taken in by them and made to believe in fairy tales. Still, when they are supported by certain odd events that I have seen-and even experienced myself-â€Å" â€Å"Such as?† â€Å"Hummin, I met you and trusted you from the start. Yes, you helped me against those two hoodlums when you didn't need to and that predisposed me in your favor, since I didn't realize at the time that they were your hirelings, doing what you had instructed them to do.-But never mind that.† â€Å"No,† said Hummin, a hint of amusement-finally-in his voice. â€Å"I trusted you. I was easily convinced not to go home to Helicon and to make myself a wanderer over the face of Trantor. I believed everything you told me without question. I placed myself entirely in your hands. Looking back on it now, I see myself as not myself. I am not a person to be so easily led, yet I was. More than that, I did not even think it strange that I was behaving so far out of character.† â€Å"You know yourself best, Hari.† â€Å"It wasn't only me. How is it that Dors Venabili, a beautiful woman with a career of her own, should abandon that career in order to join me in my flight? How is it that she should risk her life to save mine, seeming to take on, as a kind of holy duty, the cask of protecting me and becoming single-minded in the process? Was it simply because you asked her to?† â€Å"I did ask her to, Hari.† â€Å"Yet she does not strike me as the kind of person to make such a radical changeover in her life merely because someone asks her to. Nor could I believe it was because she had fallen madly in love with me at first sight and could not help herself. I somehow wish she had, but she seems quite the mistress of her emotional self, more-I am now speaking to you frankly-than I myself am with respect to her.† â€Å"She is a wonderful woman,† said Hummin. â€Å"I don't blame you.† Seldon went on. â€Å"How is it, moreover, that Sunmaster Fourteen, a monster of arrogance and one who leads a people who are themselves stiff-necked in their own conceit, should be willing to take in tribespeople like Dors and myself and to treat us as well as the Mycogenians could and did? When we broke every rule, committed every sacrilege, how is it that you could still talk him into letting us go? â€Å"How could you talk the Tisalvers, with their petty prejudices, into taking us in? How can you be at home everywhere in the world, be friends with everyone, influence each person, regardless of their individual peculiarities? For that matter, how do you manage to manipulate Cleon too? And if he is viewed as malleable and easily molded, then how were you able to handle his father, who by all accounts was a rough and arbitrary tyrant? How could you do all this? â€Å"Most of all, how is it that Mannix IV of Wye could spend decades building an army without peer, one trained to be proficient in every detail, and yet have it fall apart when his daughter tries to make use of it? How could you persuade them to play the Renegade, all of them, as you have done?† Hummin said, â€Å"Might this mean no more than that I am a tactful person used to dealing with people of different types, that I am in a position to have done favors for crucial people and am in a position to do additional favors in the future? Nothing I have done, it might seem, requires the supernatural.† â€Å"Nothing you have done? Not even the neutralization of the Wyan army?† â€Å"They did not wish to serve a woman.† â€Å"They must have known for years that any time Mannix laid down his powers or any time he died, Rashelle would be their Mayor, yet they showed no signs of discontent-until you felt it necessary that they show it. Dors described you at one time as a very persuasive man. And so you are. More persuasive than any man could be. But you are not more persuasive than an immortal robot with strange mental powers might be.-Well, Hummin?† Hummin said, â€Å"What is it you expect of me, Hari? Do you expect me to admit I'm a robot? That I only look like a human being? That I am immortal? That I am a mental marvel?!† Seldon leaned toward Hummin as he sat there on the opposite side of the table. â€Å"Yes, Hummin, I do. I expect you to tell me the truth and I strongly suspect that what you have just outlined is the truth. You, Hummin, are the robot that Mother Rittah referred to as Da-Nee, friend of Ba-Lee. You must admit it. You have no choice.† 92. It was as though they were sitting in a tiny Universe of their own. There, in the middle of Wye, with the Wyan army being disarmed by Imperial force, they sat quietly. There, in the midst of events that all of Trantor-and perhaps all the Galaxy-was watching, there was this small bubble of utter isolation within which Seldon and Hummin were playing their game of attack and defense-Seldon trying hard to force a new reality, Hummin making no move to accept that new reality. Seldon had no fear of interruption. He was certain that the bubble within which they sat had a boundary that could not be penetrated, that Hummin's-no, the robot's-powers would keep all at a distance till the game was over. Hummin finally said, â€Å"You are an ingenious fellow, Hari, but I fail to see why I must admit that I am a robot and why I have no choice but to do so. Everything you say may be true as facts-your own behavior, Dors's behavior, Sunmaster's, Tisalver's, the Wyan generals'-all, all may have happened as you said, but that doesn't force your interpretation of the meaning of the events to be true. Surely, everything that happened can have a natural explanation. You trusted me because you accepted what I said; Dors felt your safety to be important because she felt psychohistory to be crucial, herself being a historian; Sunmaster and Tisalver were beholden to me for favors you know nothing of, the Wyan generals resented being ruled by a woman, no more. Why must we flee to the supernatural?† Seldon said, â€Å"See here, Hummin, do you really believe the Empire to be falling and do you really consider it important that it not be allowed to do so with no move made to save it or, at the least, cushion its Fall?† â€Å"I really do.† Somehow Seldon knew this statement was sincere. â€Å"And you really want me to work out the details of psychohistory and you feel that you yourself cannot do it?† â€Å"I lack the capability.† â€Å"And you feel that only I can handle psychohistory-even if I sometimes doubt it myself?† â€Å"Yes.† â€Å"And you must therefore feel that if you can possibly help me in any way, you must.† â€Å"I do.† â€Å"Personal feelings-selfish considerations-could play no part?† A faint and brief smile passed over Hummin's grave face and for a moment Seldon sensed a vast and arid desert of weariness behind Hummin's quiet manner. â€Å"I have built a long career on paying no heed to personal feelings or to selfish considerations.† â€Å"Then I ask your help. I can work out psychohistory on the basis of Trantor alone, but I will run into difficulties. Those difficulties I may overcome, but how much easier it would be to do so if I knew certain key facts. For instance, was Earth or Aurora the first world of humanity or was it some other world altogether? What was the relationship between Earth and Aurora? Did either or both colonize the Galaxy? If one, why didn't the other? If both, how was the issue decided? Are there worlds descended from both or from only one? How did robots come to be abandoned? How did Trantor become the Imperial world, rather than another planet? What happened to Aurora and Earth in the meantime? There are a thousand questions I might ask right now and a hundred thousand that might arise as I go along. Would you allow me to remain ignorant, Hummin, and fail in my task when you could inform me and help me succeed?† Hummin said, â€Å"If I were the robot, would I have room in my brain for all of twenty thousand years of history for millions of different worlds?† â€Å"I don't know the capacity of robotic brains. I don't know the capacity of yours. But if you lack the capacity, then you must have that information which you cannot hold safely recorded in a place and in a way that would make it possible for you to call upon it. And if you have it and I need information, how can you deny and withhold it from me? And if you cannot withhold it from me, how can you deny that you are a robot-that robot the Renegade?† Seldon sat back and took a deep breath. â€Å"So I ask you again: Are you that robot? If you want psychohistory, then you must admit it. If you still deny you are a robot and if you convince me you are not, then my chances at psychohistory become much, much smaller. It is up to you, then. Are you a robot? Are you Da-Nee?† And Hummin said, as imperturbable as ever. â€Å"Your arguments are irrefutable. I am R. Daneel Olivaw. The ‘R' stands for ‘robot.' â€Å" 93. R. Daneel Olivaw still spoke quietly, but it seemed to Seldon that there was a subtle change in his voice, as though he spoke more easily now that he was no longer playing a part. â€Å"In twenty thousand years,† said Daneel, â€Å"no one has guessed I was a robot when it was not my intention to have him or her know. In part, that was because human beings abandoned robots so long ago that very few remember that they even existed at one time. And in part, it is because I do have the ability to detect and affect human emotion. The detection offers no trouble, but to affect emotion is difficult for me for reasons having to do with my robotic nature-although I can do it when I wish. I have the ability but must deal with my will not to use it. I try never to interfere except when I have no choice but to do so. And when I do interfere, it is rarely that I do more than strengthen, as little as I can, what is already there. If I can achieve my purposes without doing even so much, I avoid it. â€Å"It was not necessary to tamper with Sunmaster Fourteen in order to have him accept you-I call it ‘tampering,' you notice, because it is not a pleasant thing to do. I did not have to tamper with him because he did owe me for favors rendered and he is an honorable man, despite the peculiarities you found in him. I did interfere the second time, when you had committed sacrilege in his eyes, but it took very little. He was not anxious to hand you over to the Imperial authorities, whom he does not like. I merely strengthened the dislike a trifle and he handed you over to my care, accepting the arguments I offered, which otherwise he might have considered specious. â€Å"Nor did I tamper with you noticeably. You distrusted the Imperials too. Most human beings do these days, which is an important factor in the decay and deterioration of the Empire. What's more, you were proud of psychohistory as a concept, proud of having thought of it. You would not have minded having it prove to be a practical discipline. That would have further fed your pride.† Seldon frowned and said, â€Å"Pardon me, Master Robot, but I am not aware that I am quite such a monster of pride.† Daneel said mildly, â€Å"You are not a monster of pride at all. You are perfectly aware that [it] is neither admirable nor useful to be driven by pride, so you try to subdue that drive, but you might as well disapprove of having yourself powered by your heartbeat. You cannot help either fact. Though you hide your pride from yourself for the sake of your own peace of mind, you cannot hide it from me. It is there, however carefully you mask it over. And I had but to strengthen it a touch and you were at once willing to take measures to hide from Demerzel, measures that a moment before you would have resisted. And you were eager to work at psychohistory with an intensity that a moment before you would have scorned. â€Å"I saw no necessity to touch anything else and so you have reasoned out your robothood. Had I foreseen the possibility of that, I might have stopped it, but my foresight and my abilities are not infinite. Nor am I sorry now that I failed, for your arguments are good ones and it is important that you know who I am and that I use what I am to help you. â€Å"Emotions, my dear Seldon are a powerful engine of human action, far more powerful than human beings themselves realize, and you cannot know how much can be done with the merest touch and how reluctant I am to do it.† Seldon was breathing heavily, trying to see himself as a man driven by pride and not liking it. â€Å"Why reluctant?† â€Å"Because it would be so easy to overdo. I had to stop Rashelle from converting the Empire into a feudal anarchy. I might have bent minds quickly and the result might well have been a bloody uprising. Men are men-and the Wyan generals are almost all men. It does not actually take much to rouse resentment and latent fear of women in any man. It may be a biological matter that I, as a robot, cannot fully understand. â€Å"I had but to strengthen the feeling to produce a breakdown in her plans. If I had done it the merest millimeter too much, I would have lost what I wanted-a bloodless takeover. I wanted nothing more than to have them not resist when my soldiers arrived.† Daneel paused, as though trying to pick his words, then said, â€Å"I do not wish to go into the mathematics of my positronic brain. It is more than I can understand, though perhaps not more than you can if you give it enough thought. However, I am governed by the Three Laws of Robotics that are traditionally put into words-or once were, long ago. They are these: † ‘One. A robot may not injure a human being or, through inaction, allow a human being to come to harm. † ‘Two. A robot must obey the orders given it by human beings, except where such orders would conflict with the First Law. † ‘Three. A robot must protect its own existence, as long as such protection does not conflict with the First or Second Law.' â€Å"But I had a†¦ a friend twenty thousand years ago. Another robot. Not like myself. He could not be mistaken for a human being, but it was he who had the mental powers and it was through him that I gained mine. â€Å"It seemed to him that there should be a still more general rule than any of the Three Laws. He called it the Zeroth Law, since zero comes before one. It is: † ‘Zero. A robot may not injure humanity or, through inaction, allow humanity to come to harm.' â€Å"Then the First Law must read: † ‘One. A robot may not injure a human being or, through inaction, allow a human being to come to harm, except where that would conflict with the Zeroth Law.' â€Å"And the other laws must be similarly modified. Do you understand?† Daneel paused earnestly and Seldon said, â€Å"I understand.† Daneel went on. â€Å"The trouble is, Hari, that a human being is easy to identify. I can point to one. It is easy to see what will harm a human being and what won't-relatively easy, at least. But what is humanity? To what can we point when we speak of humanity? And how can we define harm to humanity? When will a course of action do more good than harm to humanity as a whole and how can one tell? The robot who first advanced the Zeroth law died-became permanently inactive-because he was forced into an action that he felt would save humanity, yet which he could not be sure would save humanity. And as he became inactivated, he left the care of the Galaxy to me. â€Å"Since then, I have tried. I have interfered as little as possible, relying on human beings themselves to judge what was for the good. They could gamble; I could not. They could miss their goals; I did not dare. They could do harm unwittingly; I would grow inactive if I did. The Zeroth Law makes no allowance for unwitting harm. â€Å"But at times I am forced to take action. That I am still functioning shows that my actions have been moderate and discreet. However, as the Empire began to fail and to decline, I have had to interfere more frequently and for decades now I have had to play the role of Demerzel, trying to run the government in such a way as to stave off ruin-and yet I will function, you see. â€Å"When you made your speech to the Decennial Convention, I realized at once that in psychohistory there was a tool that might make it possible to identify what was good and bad for humanity. With it, the decisions we would make would be less blind. I would even trust to human beings to make those decisions and again reserve myself only for the greatest emergencies. So I arranged quickly to have Cleon learn of your speech and call you in. Then, when I heard your denial of the worth of psychohistory, I was forced to think of some way to make you try anyway. Do you understand, Hari?† More than a little daunted, Seldon said, â€Å"I understand, Hummin.† â€Å"To you, I must remain Hummin on those rare occasions when I will be able to see you. I will give you what information I have if it is something you need and in my persona as Demerzel I will protect you as much as I can. As Daneel, you must never speak of me.† â€Å"I wouldn't want to,† said Seldon hurriedly. â€Å"Since I need your help, it would ruin matters to have your plans impeded.† â€Å"Yes, I know you wouldn't want to.† Daneel smiled wearily. â€Å"After all, you are vain enough to want full credit for psychohistory. You would not want anyone to know-ever-that you needed the help of a robot.† Seldon flushed. â€Å"I am not-â€Å" â€Å"But you are, even if you carefully hide it from yourself. And it is important, for I am strengthening that emotion within you minimally so that you will never be able to speak of me to others. It will not even occur to you that you might do so.† Seldon said, â€Å"I suspect Dors knows-â€Å" â€Å"She knows of me. And she too cannot speak of me to others. Now that you both know of my nature, you can speak of me to each other freely, but not to anyone else.† Daneel rose.-Hari, I have my work to do now. Before long, you and Dors will be taken back to the Imperial Sector-â€Å" â€Å"The boy Raych must come with me. I cannot abandon him. And there is a young Dahlite named Yugo Amaryl-â€Å" â€Å"I understand. Raych will be taken too and you can do with any friend as you will. You will all be taken care of appropriately. And you will work on psychohistory. You will have a staff. You will have the necessary computers and reference material. I will interfere as little as possible and if there is resistance to your views that does not actually reach the point of endangering the mission, then you will have to deal with it yourself.† â€Å"Wait, Hummin,† said Seldon urgently. â€Å"What if, despite all your help and all my endeavors, it turns out that psychohistory cannot be made into a practical device after all? What if I fail?† Daneel rose. â€Å"In that case, I have a second plan in hand. One I have been working on a long time on a separate world in a separate way. It too is very difficult and to some ways even more radical than psychohistory. It may fail too, but there is a greater chance of success if two roads are open than if either one alone was. â€Å"Take my advice, Hari! If the time comes when you are able to set up some device that may act to prevent the worst from happening see if you can think of two devices, so that if one fails, the other will carry on. The Empire must be steadied or rebuilt on a new foundation. Let there be two such, rather than one, if that is possible.† He rose, â€Å"Now I must return to my ordinary work and you must turn to yours. You will be taken care of.† With one final nod, he rose and left. Seldon looked after him and said softly, â€Å"First I must speak to Dors.† 94. Dors said, â€Å"The palace is cleared. Rashelle will not be physically harmed. And you'll return to the Imperial Sector, Hari.† â€Å"And you, Dors?† said Seldon in a low tight voice. â€Å"I presume I will go back to the University,† she said. â€Å"My work is being neglected, my classes abandoned.† â€Å"No, Dors, you have a greater task.† â€Å"What is that?† â€Å"Psychohistory. I cannot tackle the project without you.† â€Å"Of course you can. I am a total illiterate in mathematics.† â€Å"And I in history-and we need both.† Dors laughed. â€Å"I suspect that, as a mathematician, you are one of a kind. I, as a historian, am merely adequate, certainly not outstanding. You will find any number of historians who will suit the needs of psychohistory better than I do.† â€Å"In that case, Dors, let me explain that psychohistory needs more than a mathematician and a historian. It also needs the will to tackle what will probably be a lifetime problem. Without you, Dors, I will not have that will.† â€Å"Of course you'll have it.† â€Å"Dors, if you're not with me, I don't intend to have it.† Dors looked at Seldon thoughtfully. â€Å"This is a fruitless discussion, Hari. Undoubtedly, Hummin will make the decision. If he sends me back to the University.† â€Å"He won't.† â€Å"How can you be sure?† â€Å"Because I'll put it to him plainly. If he sends you back to the University, I'll go back to Helicon and the Empire can go ahead and destroy itself.† â€Å"You can't mean it.† â€Å"But I certainly do.† â€Å"Don't you realize that Hummin can arrange to have your feelings change so that you will work on psychohistory-even without me?† Seldon shook his head. â€Å"Hummin will not make such an arbitrary decision. I've spoken to him. He dares not do much to the human mind because he is bound by what he calls the Laws of Robotics. To change my mind to the point where I will not want you with me, Dors, would mean a change of the kind he can not risk. On the other hand, if he leaves me alone and if you join me in the project, he will have what he wants-a true chance at psychohistory. Why should he not settle for that?† Dors shook her head. â€Å"He may not agree for reasons of his own.† â€Å"Why should he disagree? You were asked to protect me, Dors. Has Hummin canceled that request?† â€Å"No.† â€Å"Then he wants you to continue your protection. And I want your protection.† â€Å"Against what? You now have Hummin's protection, both as Demerzel and as Daneel, and surely that is all you need.† â€Å"If I had the protection of every person and every force in the Galaxy, it would still be yours I would want.† â€Å"Then you don't want me for psychohistory. You want me for protection.† Seldon scowled. â€Å"No! Why are you twisting my words? Why are you forcing me to say what you must know? It is neither psychohistory nor protection I want you for. Those are excuses and I'll use any other I need. I want you-just you. And if you want the real reason, it is because you are you.† â€Å"You don't even know me.† â€Å"That doesn't matter. I don't care.-And yet I do know you in a way. Better than you think.† â€Å"Do you indeed?† â€Å"Of course. You follow orders and you risk your life without hesitation and with no apparent care for the consequences. You learned how to play tennis so quickly. You learned how to use knives even more quickly and you handled yourself perfectly in the fight with Marron. Inhumanly-if I may say so. Your muscles are amazingly strong and your reaction time is amazingly fast. You can somehow tell when a room is being eavesdropped and you can be in touch with Hummin in some way that does not involve instrumentation.† Dors said, â€Å"And what do you think of all that?† â€Å"It has occurred to me that Hummin, in his persona as R. Daneel Olivaw, has an impossible task. How can one robot try to guide the Empire? He must have helpers.† â€Å"That is obvious. Millions, I should imagine. I am a helper. You are a helper. Little Raych is a helper.† â€Å"You are a different kind of helper.† â€Å"In what way? Hari, say it. If you hear yourself say it, you will realize how crazy it is.† Seldon looked long at her and then said in a low voice, â€Å"I will not say it because†¦ I don't care.† â€Å"You really don't? You wish to take me as I am?† â€Å"I will take you as I must. You are Dors and, whatever else you are, in all the world I want nothing else.† Dors said softly, â€Å"Hari, I want what is good for you because of what I am, but I feel that if I wasn't what I am, I would still want what is good for you. And I don't think I am good for you.† â€Å"Good for me or bad, I don't care.† Here Hari looked down as he paced a few steps, weighing what he would say next. â€Å"Dors, have you ever been kissed?† â€Å"Of course, Hari. It's a social part of life and I live socially.† â€Å"No, no! I mean, have you ever really kissed a man? You know, passionately?† â€Å"Well yes, Hari, I have.† â€Å"Did you enjoy it?† Dors hesitated. She said, â€Å"When I've kissed in that way, I enjoyed it more than I would have enjoyed disappointing a young man I liked, someone whose friendship meant something to me.† At this point, Dors blushed and she turned her face away. â€Å"Please, Hari, this is difficult for me to explain.† But Hari, more determined now than ever, pressed further. â€Å"So you kissed for the wrong reasons, then, to avoid hurt feelings.† â€Å"Perhaps everyone does, in a sense.† Seldon mulled this over, then said suddenly, â€Å"Did you ever ask to be kissed?† Dors paused, as though looking back on her life. â€Å"No.† â€Å"Or wish to be kissed again, once you had?† â€Å"No.† â€Å"Have you ever slept with a man?† he asked softly, desperately. â€Å"Of course. I told you. These things are a part of life.† Hari gripped her shoulders as if he was going to shake her. â€Å"But have you ever felt the desire, a need for that kind of closeness with just one special person? Dors, have you ever felt love.† Dors looked up slowly, almost sadly, and locked eyes with Seldon. â€Å"I'm sorry, Hari, but no.† Seldon released her, letting his arms fall dejectedly to his sides. Then Dors placed her hand gently on his arm and said, â€Å"So you see, Hari. I'm not really what you want.† Seldon's head drooped and he stared at the floor. He weighed the matter and tried to think rationally. Then he gave up. He wanted what he wanted and he wanted it beyond thought and beyond rationality. He looked up. â€Å"Dors, dear, even so, I don't care.† Seldon put his arms around her and brought his head close to hers slowly, as though waiting for her to pull away, all the while drawing her nearer. Dors made no move and he kissed her-slowly, lingeringly, and then passionately-and her arms suddenly tightened around him. When he stopped at last, she looked at him with eyes that mirrored her smile and she said: â€Å"Kiss me again, Hari. Please.† [1] All quotations from the Encyclopedia Galactica here reproduced are taken from the 116th Edition, published 1,020 FE by the Encyclopedia Galactica Publishing Co., Terminus, with permission of the publishers.)