Use of Statistics Symbolic Data Analysis

Question: Write about theUse of Statisticsfor Symbolic Data Analysis. Answer: Introduction Statistics is a mathematical branch that is highly used in the effective presentation of data for easy understanding and interpretation. It is important to choose the best statistical criterion to represent the data to ensure that the intended information is passed on the to the target individuals. In some cases, data might be represented in a manner that communicates different ideas from the set objective (Hahn and Doganaksoy, 2011). Firstly, the data and the associated statistics needs to be understood before deciding the most applicable statistical tools to use. Table and charts are among the most used data representation tools in the field of statistics (Charles Henry, 2016). These tools are used in presenting the data to ease the work of interpretation to the individuals who are not able to classify statistics displayed in an essay format. In addition, tools like graphs and pie chart reduce data ambiguity by directly associating the variables or factors to their equivalent weigh ts. Body The first step in dealing with data is data describing which describe the source of the data and how it was obtained. Data can be acquired by use of primary such as the use of questionnaires or another digital collecting criterion. In most cases, secondary data is credible for studies that need to cover larger capacities. In our case, determining the national growth in GDP and retail trade needs a massive data that can be used in generalising the information throughout the country. The second approach is to understand the data type and scales of measurements. A variable can be continuous or categorical, hence determining the analytical method to be used. In the business world, data is in the most case presented in monetary value and can be transformed into percentage forms depending on the reference points such as the base totals (Francis, 2009). Providing the data summaries is a crucial step in the data analysis and report writing to ensure that the findings are communicated to the targeted individuals. Summaries and presentations improve the levels of understanding of the core aim of the research or evaluation. These summaries can be presented in a tabular form, with relevant statistics being associated with the variables. Some of the statistics that describes the data effectively include the measures of central tendency and dispersion. These include meaning, median, mode, standard deviation, variance, range and standard error. These descriptive statistics can be used in developing confidence intervals that are used in testing hypotheses. Point estimating is also used to compare the existing situation to the observations achieved from the study analysis. Based on the economic update article, pie charts and table could be used to present the provided statistics in a more ethical manner. For instance, the total spending of 69% for household and 31% for retail could be represented in a pie chart as shown below (Billard and Diday, 2006). Using these statistics, the probability of having the same scenario being experienced in the next year would be based on the observations. For instance, the chance of having retail spending being 31% percentage in the next year would be high. Also, if the data is collected at minimum biases, the data can be generalised into other areas of the country's economy (Ward, 2010). The representation of the percentages could have been tabled based on the real values so the ideal change can be visualised. Using percentages might not indicate the true picture of the change that has been experienced. For instance, food sales rose by 0.2% and this might be seen to be a very small change for the sale. Probably, the change was very significant, hence creating a visible change to the market. A statistical technique in testing whether the increase was significant could be used to check if the rise in food sales were big enough to demonstrate a change (Kamath, 2009). It has been stated that Chinas tourists contribute up to 16% of the spending. It would be much informative to include the other main contributors in the national spending to develop an oversight of the main contributors. Hypothesis testing could have been used in this article to determine and proves the significance of the changes in sales and expenditures of the economy. It would be much effective if the a uthor would have explained if the changes are justifiable or they are insignificance (Graham, 2011). Conclusion In summary, it is very important for any author or data analyst should understand the type of data and the associated data types. This information will enhance the effectiveness of analysis and presentation of the data. Choosing the best statistical tools is a good criterion to ensure that the best information about the data is presented to the target population. These tools also make it easy and for the readers and users of the articles. Finally, use of inferences and hypothesis testing are effective tools in determining the effectiveness of the results obtained in the study (Sedgwick, 2010). Therefore, it would have been better if the author used these statistical tools in the article. References Billard, L. and Diday, E. (2006). Symbolic data analysis. 1st ed. Chichester, England: John Wiley Sons Inc. Charles Henry, B. (2016). Understanding Basic Statistics. 1st ed. Cengage Learning. Francis (2009). Effective Use of Numbers and Statistics. Acta Chirurgica Belgica, 109(3), pp.275-275. Graham, A. (2011). Statistics. 1st ed. London: Hodder Education. Hahn, G. and Doganaksoy, N. (2011). The Role of Statistics in Business and Industry. 1st ed. Hoboken: John Wiley Sons. Kamath, C. (2009). Application-Driven Data Analysis. Statistical Analysis and Data Mining, 1(5), pp.285-285. Sedgwick, P. (2010). Statistical hypothesis testing. BMJ, 340(apr21 1), pp.c2059-c2059. Ward, J. (2010). BIRT 2.6 data analysis and reporting. 1st ed. Birmingham, UK: Packt Pub.

My museum visit was very interesting to me mainly Essays

My museum visit was very interesting to me mainly because I have never gone to the museum of fine arts before so everything was all very new to me. I was very astounded by how huge the museum was when I first walked in. As I began to find my way around I had realized that the museum was bigger than I had expected. There was so much to look at all around me such as the beautiful paintings and sculptures. My favorite part of the whole experience was the awesome Wilson Tunnel that I walked through. It really did catch my attention as soon as I saw the pretty lights . I can say that I really did enjoy going to the museum because I was able to look at what the definition of art really means. In all honesty, I never really cared for art because I always found it so boring, but I do see that there are deep meanings into the arts that are being produced and at times I do find it interesting when I am able to figure out and kno w what those meanings are. The museum and what I w as able to experie nce was very eye opening to me, and it really did make me realize that art is very significant. Based on all the arts that interested me and that I chose there are three works of art that are most memorable to me. The first one is a painting by Jean- Achille Benouville titled "A view of the Roman Countryside". I absolutely love this work of art because it really does represent a landscape that I personally want to live on in my near future. I am all for the countryside and having many farm animals of mine living by me on a massive range of land. The painting really did spark my interest because it was able to give me vivid images in my mind of the kind of countryside that I dream to live in. Though a Roman countryside isn't necessarily what I 'm looking for, the painting was still able to help me relate to the kind of countryside that I am looking for. This painting w as truly one of my favorites and it really did fascinate me. The second work of art that also interested me is a painting by Pieter Claesz titled "Still Life with a Basket of Grapes". Though the title of the painting should have originally directed my attention straight to the basket of grapes, my attention was directed to everything else but the grapes. Maybe because I don't like grapes! Anyways, I just love the way all the foods are arranged in the painting and how the artist was able to make the entire image look so real . The artist did really well on making the foods look very precise and natural. The more food that the artist had put into the paint ing, the more it interested me. It had me think of Thanksgiving every year at my house when the whole table is stacked on a variety of delicious foods. I will say that the reason as to why this is a work of art that interested me as much as it did is because of the foods and how authentic they look. The third work of art that really caught my attention is a painting by Giovannia Battista Gaulli titled "The vision of Saint Ignatius of Loyola at La Storta ". This painting really stood out to me not only because it was very huge when I came across it, but also it is a very religious painting with a lot going on in it. As being a religious catholic myself, seeing this beautiful painting really did have me staring at it for a while. When I look a t this work of art I think of forgiveness. How I think of it is that t he man wearing the black drape represents our sins that we have committed and he is trying to run to Jesus for forgiveness and salvation. There is so much that you are able to direct your attention to in this painting

General Rules About Abbreviations

General Rules About Abbreviations General Rules About Abbreviations General Rules About Abbreviations By Mark Nichol This post outlines basic rules about abbreviations. There is a bewildering variety of standards, which will be explained in more detail in subsequent posts about specific categories of abbreviation, but the following guidelines cover an array of general types. Use of abbreviation varies widely depending on the formality of writing employed for a given publication or a piece of content. Generally, the more formal the content, the less likely it is that abbreviation will be used, except in multiple references to terms commonly abbreviated or in tabular matter and other graphic elements. In formal writing, journalistic contexts, and some informal content as well, terms are spelled out on first reference, followed by abbreviation in parentheses, as in â€Å"The Global Positioning System (GPS) uses satellite signals to fix the location of a radio receiver on or above the earth’s surface.† Thereafter, the abbreviation is used exclusively. However, this tradition applies to single pieces of content, so that- unless, for example, an entire publication is devoted to articles about GPS technology- two articles in a publication that mention it will independently introduce the full spelled-out version of an abbreviation on first reference. Note, too, that specialized publications will likely abbreviate all references to widely used terms in that specialty. Abbreviations consisting entirely of uppercase letters (including NY, US, FBI, and NASA) or that end with an uppercase letter (as in PhD) are not followed by a period; some publications retain periods in these types of abbreviations (at least two-letter ones), but that style is in decline. Abbreviations that end with a lowercase letter (a.m., Dr., i.e., etc.) are generally followed by a period. Acronyms (abbreviations of phrases using initial letters of each word to form new word, such as AIDS) are almost invariably styled in all capital letters, though some, such as laser and scuba, have lost their uppercase form, and Nasdaq is treated as a proper noun. Initialisms (abbreviations of phrases using initial letters of each word, each of which is pronounced, such as FBI) are also generally capitalized. When using an article before an abbreviation, choose a or an depending on the first sound, not the first letter, of the abbreviation: â€Å"an NBA [en-bee-ay] team† but â€Å"a NASA [nasa] program.† Avoid ampersands except in proper names (â€Å"Johnson Johnson†) and in widely known abbreviations (â€Å"RD,† for â€Å"research and development†). Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Style category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Passed vs Past40 Synonyms for â€Å"Lie†50 Tips on How to Write Good

How to work hard without being a pushover

How to work hard without being a pushover If you’re like most of us, you’re dedicated to doing your absolute best at work- day in and day out- in order to prove to yourself, your colleagues, and to anyone else who’s paying attention that you not only deserve the position you’re in but that you have every intention of moving as high up your career ladder as possible. After all, who doesn’t like a hard worker? This often means that you not only give 100% effort on all of your work tasks and responsibilities, you also make every effort to help those around you- after all, smart employees know that a rising tide lifts all boats. It never hurts to gain a little good sentiment among coworkers, who hopefully see you as a strong link on the team chain and are more than willing to return the favor when needed. However, the truth is that this sort of good-natured and well-intentioned approach to work often comes at a price, and you may have to contend with an onerous species of colleague- the sort wh o will take advantage of your hard-working nature and use it to their self-centered advantage.Does this sound familiar? After spending countless hours toiling away on a long and involved project a scheming colleague swoops in out of nowhere and takes all the credit for your hard work. Does this sort of thing happen often to you? If so, don’t feel too defeated- the truth is, hard workers are often vulnerable to this bad behavior, as unscrupulous and infinitely lazier coworkers seek to capitalize on every opportunity to take advantage of the efforts of others. But that doesn’t mean you should sit idly by and let them take advantage of you.If you’d like to figure out some effective strategies for showing the world that you’re a hard worker who will routinely go above and beyond- but who will not be taken advantage of- consider taking advantage of the following steps.Step 1- DiagnoseThe first step to making positive change, if and when you feel as if you†™re hard work is being taken advantage of, is to recognize that there’s a problem. This often means realizing that there’s a pattern of poor behavior on the part of a colleague- after all, a one-time thing where someone received a little more credit on a work project than they deserved might just be a miscommunication or harmless mistake. But if it continues to occur repeatedly, then it’s a real problem. Once you recognize that there’s an issue, you can begin to mobilize a strategy for dealing with it head on.Step 2- ConfirmThe truth is, sometimes we’re our own worst witnesses to a situation that directly involves us. Why? Because we often simply lack the distance needed to have a completely rational perspective. As a result, it’s helpful in situations like these to either get a second opinion from a trusted colleague or, if not feasible, to try our best and take a step back from the situation in an effort to objectively confirm that what we think is happening actually is. After all, the last thing you want to do is accuse a colleague of taking advantage of your hard work when it isn’t really happening (talk about awkward!).Step 3- Confront (Carefully)For most people, this is the trickiest step, and for good reason. Once you’ve diagnosed and confirmed the problem, the only way to effect positive and lasting change is to confront the situation- but be sure to proceed with caution. There is a broad spectrum of approaches you can take, depending on how pervasive the situation is, as well as your relationship with the person in question and your position and standing at work- as well as theirs. After all, how you handle this situation if it was a subordinate taking advantage of your hard work vs. your boss behaving this way will likely be vastly different.This is why proceeding with caution is so essential. If feasible, try tactfully communicating your feelings regarding the situation to the person in quest ion. Best case scenario, with minimal effort you nimbly eradicate the bad behavior. If this approach fails, then it may be time to step up your efforts, but don’t jump from a 1 to a 10 on the assertiveness scale out of frustration- try incrementally more assertive approaches (we’re NOT endorsing doing anything that will put you or your job in jeopardy here) to send a clear signal that you will not sit by and idly accept your colleague taking advantage of your hard work. It may entail talking to your boss or the other person’s boss about the situation if all else fails, or trying to avoid working directly with them whenever possible.If it’s your boss or a superior who’s taking advantage of you, then the situation is even trickier. Simply put, you’re going to have tread lightly here. If your relationship with the superior in question is strong, you may stand a good chance of fixing the problem; if this isn’t the case, weigh your options and determine the approach that makes the most sense given your situation, always erring on the side of caution.Step 4- ChangeHow you behave moving forward will send a clear indication of how much others can treat you at work. Simply put, people are far less likely to try and take advantage of a colleague who radiates strength and confidence than someone who’s more meek and reserved. Continue your hard work and eagerness to be a team player, but start sending clear signals that you’re not a person to be underestimated or mistreated. Whenever possible, try and protect your work from the involvement of others, and claim fair credit for your work when you can. Trust us, if handled properly people will start to get the message and will think twice before trying to take advantage of you- you may even garner some newfound respect from others in your work orbit.

Corrosion Protection in Offshore Pipelines Essay

Corrosion Protection in Offshore Pipelines - Essay Example According to the research corrosion in offshore pipeline environments is a critical and unresolved issue for oil and gas industries. Due to the nature of subsea facilities and infrastructures, corrosive processes are more abundant and varied than their onshore counterparts. The maintenance and monitoring of such problems is also more expensive given the challenges of access and context of the location. The aggressive nature of sea environments leads to pipeline systems becoming vulnerable to corrosion from various internal and external forces such as chemical reactions induced by seawater composition. Currently there are several techniques used by oil and gas industries to combat offshore corrosion. Corrosion resistant alloys are often used to prevent corrosion, as well as certain pipeline coatings and cathodic protection of pipelines. Offshore monitoring is often executed as a preventative measure, via electrical resistance monitoring, electrochemical methods, hydrogen monitoring, w eight-loss coupons, non-destructive testing techniques and analytical techniques. Offshore pigging is also a common practice. Researching and investigating case histories is a crucial way in which industries may improve their knowledge of corrosion protection techniques. Overall, there are many diverse methods, various apparatuses, several technological platforms and a wide spectrum of concepts involved in preventing, combating, managing and monitoring corrosion in offshore pipeline environments. However, these measures alone do not guarantee corrosion protection. Further research and experimentation using cutting-edge technology must be used in order to fully mitigate this issue. Table of Contents 1. INTRODUCTION....................

Disclosure Laws in Real Estate, California Vs. Illinois Essay

Disclosure Laws in Real Estate, California Vs. Illinois - Essay Example The essay "Disclosure Laws in Real Estate, California Vs. Illinois" discusses the disclosure laws in California and Illinois residential real estate. They are not completely different, but they do have some distinct aspects. Both states require forms to be filled out. However, the liability completely falls on the shoulders of the seller in California, while in Illinois the liability for the property is not completely the seller’s responsibility. This is not altogether uncommon from Illinois residential property law, which also applies to the same amount of dwelling units. Additionally, within the disclosure forms of each state, any defects in the properties must be duly noted. This is confirmed by Galaty et. al. in the book Modern Real Estate Practice in Illinois.In law, liability is a serious issue. Liability is basically one’s financial and legal responsibility towards an issue - in this case, for the property. One’s financial liability with regards to propert y includes the fact that the person not only pays their property taxes on time but also pays all of the utilities. Additionally, financial liability with regard to any sort of property includes the fact that there must be a liability with regard to property loss. This is especially problematic in California, where any kind of property loss could preclude a financial liability investigation of such a loss. Legal responsibility with regard to property includes the fact that one must be responsible for any acts which occur on the property.

Criminal Justice Process Essay Example for Free

Criminal Justice Process Essay Juveniles are not extended the right to a jury of their peers. What is the most significant reason why this right is not extended to juveniles? Please explain in detail why you chose that particular reason. I do not think that there is only one significant reason as to why juveniles are not extended the right to a jury of their peers. I think that one of the multiple reasons for this right not being extended is because a jury has to be able to be responsible enough to actually show up, they have to be able to convict or not convict based on evidence beyond a reasonable doubt and be able to disregard any evidence or statements when a judge asks them to. I do not think that most juveniles are mentally, nor emotionally equipped to do deal with the responsibilities of being a part of a jury. Most juveniles are still immature and when someone’s life is at stake and their freedom can be taken away I do not think that having a â€Å"child† decide their fate is appropriate. Why do you believe that there are differences between the adult justice system and the juvenile justice system? Please explain in detail why you believe as you do? I believe there are differences between the adult justice system and the juvenile justice system because of the differences in age, experiences, knowledge, and maturity. The juvenile justice system focuses on the rehabilitation of the juvenile, whereas the adult justice system’s goal is to punish and obtain retribution for the crime(s) committed. Juvenile offenders are given sentences that seek to rehabilitate rather than punish. Some of the treatment options offered could include counseling and placement in juvenile institutions that were also created to help restore them. Adult offenders are given harsh sentences. The sentences given can include a fine and or incarceration in jail or prison. All of the sentences given are solely based on punishing the offender. The adult court system is primarily concerned with the offender paying for the damage that they have done to society and the courts isn’t interested in rehabilitating or trying to change the behavior of the offender. After reviewing this entire building in CJ Interactive, describe ways that you can use this interactive tool to improve your learning of criminal justice concepts. Describe in detail the ways you can use this tool to further your criminal justice education, identifying at least three specific ways you would use this tool. After reviewing the entire building in CJ Interactive, I was able to see how this tool will help my learning of criminal justice concepts. I am a visual and auditory learner and both of my learning styles are incorporated in the CJ Interactive tool. I was able to get a better understanding of many of the topics that we have discussed in class thus far. For example through this too I was able to get a better understanding of the differences between the adult and juvenile court systems as well as how crime is defined and measured. I will be able to use this tool as another way of learning and understanding the criminal justice system by using the glossary to learn the terms used to explain the criminal justice system and its process. I will also be able to use this tool to learn and understand the criminal justice system by utilizing the different ways information is given is given in CJ Interactive for example there are 14 buildings located in this learning tool and each building represents a different topic in criminal justice and gives us students access to different learning modules, myths and issues, simulation activities, homework and review, and glossary terms associated with each particular topic. I can see myself utilizing all of these resources as a way to better understand the criminal justice system, my assignments that I have to complete in class, and for me to just use to gain as much knowledge as I can about the different topics in criminal justice throughout my college career at Colorado Technical University.